RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

Bibliographic information

SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH

The study is based on the background that humans greatly differ from other primates particularly in the lack of obvious advertisements of fertility during the ovulation cycle. The researchers also acknowledge that recent studies have demonstrated that there is an increase in women’s ****** motivation as they near ovulation which raises that question on if human ovulation is always marked by the observational changes present in overt behavior. Using 30 partnered women as the sample of the study, the researchers take their photographs at the time of low and high fertility cycle phrases. The researchers observe the readily observable behaviors of these women such as ornamentation, and self-grooming as well as the attractive dress choices which do increase at the time of their fertile phrases in their ovulation cycle. 42 judges selected the women with above chance level of fertility and less of the lacteal phase where they are only thrilling to look attractive. The judges observed that as women got closer to ovulation during their fertile window, then the most frequently they would choose the fertile photograph. Also, the study establishes that the ornamentation effect was highly striking in both its status and magnitude as overt behavioral differences which could easily be observed by others. Thus the findings can help to explain the previous findings in the literature that the mate retention efforts of men increase when their partners approach ovulation.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

The researchers aim to measure an overt which is the readily observable behavior of women and propose how this behavior is related to ovulation. Specifically, the researchers predict that women do engage in a high level of ornamentation during their high fertility phase of the ovulation cycle and they place themselves at the foreground within the social array.

BACKGROUND

The researchers have given a good rationale as the background of their research question. They have used various data sources to support the claim that the social motivation of women specifically their ****** motivations do increase as they near ovulation. The researchers also mention how non-humans behave in ornamentation like long tails, bright plumage and large bodies which are presumed to be an aspect of ****** selection. They show how the traits are effective for attracting mates and are an indication of fitness. Also, the researchers highlight how men’s behaviors changes as their partners shift across the cycle. For instance, men are more loving and attentive during the fertile phase of their partners, and some men also become more jealous and possessive during this phase. Thus the researchers have provided sufficient background to support the goal of their research.

HYPOTHESIS

The researcher’s hypothesis is that the motivational changes of women manifest themselves through their self-ornamentation via attentive personal grooming as well as selecting of attractive dress choices.

MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES

What is the dependent variable: differences in clothing choices of women across low and high fertility photographs such as Wearing “sexier clothes,” wearing a lacy top, wearing short skirts instead of trousers, showing more skin in upper and lower body, wearing accessories, wearing nicer clothes and wearing fashionable clothes.

What is the independent variable: the observable, overt behavior of women’s ornamentation associated with ovulation

RESEARCH DESIGN

The research uses a correlation research design which is a non-experimental deigns for describing the relationships among or between variables. Through this design, the researchers aim to provide empirical evidence to suggest that women dress more attractively by wearing more revealing, **** and attractive or fashionable clothes as well as more ornaments at their high phases of fertility unlike their low phases of fertility. The correlation research design is effective in providing a deeper understanding of the studied variables as well as their relationship.

SAMPLING

The researchers used random selection in finding the sample of their research. They chose thirty women studying at UCLA campus who were posting full-body digital photographs with hand on the side. These women were to have regular menstrual cycles, should be partnered and not to use oral hormonal contraceptives during the last three months

INSTRUMENTATION

The researchers and judges calculate the scores for each participant by adding the sum given from the female and male judges choices of images of women in their high fertility the converting the scores into percentages. The researchers operationally define their instrumentation by indicating that women whose high fertility photo was selected by judges did receive the 100% score. Judges were in agreement concerning whether each women’s low or high fertility photograph was one which was only trying to look more attractive in high fertility days also to examine if the choices of high fertility photographs differed by the *** of judge, it called for the need to repeat the factor.

DATA COLLECTION/ETHICS

The participants were blind to the study’s purpose. They were told that the study aimed at examining their personality, health as well as sexuality and had to take a ***** test to determine their “normal body chemistry.” They were also not told that the purpose of taking their photographs was to examine changes in their attractiveness and clothing across their menstrual cycle

DATA ANALYSIS:

By analyzing the collected data, the researchers were able to conclude that there is a link between clothing choices and ovulation. Data analysis included a test to determine whether the overall marginal mean score differs from zero. The researchers used this tests to assess whether the overall scores of women differed by change. In doing this, they had to the unit- transformed the scores of women by subtracting 50% before carrying out the analysis. The intercept test informs the researchers whether the reminder is above 0% to show the chance in the transformed scores. From the analysis, the days-to-menstrual-onset was found to be zero-centered while days to ovulation were not transformed. Thus the fertility status effect was estimated to the average of days before the start of menstrual onset.

CONCLUSIONS:

First, the researchers point out that there are several competing explanations that show the relationship between clothing choices and ovulation. Evidence from the research shows that women were more attractive clothes as they approach ovulation. The reason being according to the researchers is that women could be sensitive to cyclic changes in their physical appearances and may make a choice of displaying their attractiveness. Also, the researchers point out the fact that women are mating motivations does vary across the cycle. Thus women can engage in ornamentation as a way of attracting mates. Thus changes in the style of dressing can be a reflection of more general changes across the cycle such as one’s mood.

CRITIQUE

The researchers have done a good job in analyzing the relationship between Ovulation and women’s ornamentation and dressing choices. They have used several sources to show how their findings relate to previous studies and also for supporting their hypothesis. They have also gone further to explain a combination of factors that help to explain the ornamentation effect. For instance, the sociability and mood effects that underpin the mating function whereby women appear more attractive.

Possible Threats to Internal Validity

The internal validity can be threatened by the practice effect and participation effect whereby some chosen women are “addicted” to dressing attractively and putting on accessories with no regard to their ovulation cycle.

Possible Threats to External Validity

 Though the researchers have come up with very interesting findings in both the physical and evolutionary senses, I would like to see a similar study carried out in a much larger size of the sample and even preferably in more countries. It’s possible that the findings from this study can only be a cultural variation.

Possible Threats to Construct Validity

Yes, the researchers have measured the constructs they aimed at measuring. They determined that as women drew closer to ovulation when photographed during the fertile window. The more frequently their photograph of fertility was chosen. The researchers also measured the ornamentation effect which was striking in both its status and magnitude as it became possible to examine the overt behavioral differences which are easily observed by others.

CONCLUSIONS:

Yes, I do have confidence in the findings of this study despite a few questions on cultural effect and a small number of sample. If I could redo this research, I would base it in a none –western countries such as Arabic nation or an African nation. I am sure that cultural differences will make the findings of this study not to have applicability or Generalizability in these nations. I would also include a large number of sample sizes. From the psychological point of view, the article has some sense in it because the female species are made to look attractive and colorful to the opposite *** for the purpose of procreation. However, from a cultural point of view, the sense of this article is questionable since some cultures do hinder women from showing their attractiveness especially in public spheres such as the Muslim culture. The article is useful in providing a deeper understanding of how women moods and behaviors vary throughout the ovulation cycle and add to the growing body of research which suggests that women who are ovulating tend to wear more inviting clothes in colors, revealing and ornamentation. This study has significance I the society for it helps to understand women’s mind and how their ovulation cycle has an impact on their dressing and sense of attractiveness. Public administrators with the findings of this study will understand that women should not be denied from wearing what they want. It’s their psychology and body changes that determine what they want to wear and when they want to feel attractive. Thus women should not be condemned from wearing revealing, “****,” or colorful clothes. This study helps me to advocate for women’s freedom especially where their clothing and makeup apply.

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in Write My Essay Today services. If you need a similar paper you can place your order from pay for research paper services.